IB Biology Topic 1 Definitions
It is the wavelengths of electromagnetic waves an atom can absorb
The addition of an acetyl group to histone N-terminal tails prevents the nucleosome from packing together and loosens the H1 protein to allow for DNA replication or transcription
The energy required to break the bonds in the reactants to convert them into products
An alternate binding site on an enzyme
The building block of proteins
A reaction that bonds monomers together to form a macromolecule
The process by which a cell produces small amounts of ATP from organic compounds when no oxygen is present
A base sequence complementary to a codon. Often found on tRNA, complementary to mRNA.
The property of DNA strands being next to each other but running in opposite directions
The hypothesis that Earth's water was delivered by water-rich asteroids that collided with the Earth during the early stages of its formation
A reaction that breaks a macromolecule down into monomers
The process by which proton pumps use the energy of electrons to pump protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space to build a concentration gradient
The process by which proton pumps use the energy of electrons to pump protons from the stroma into the thylakoid space to build a concentration gradient
A fatty acid in which the double bond has hydrogens on the same side
A sequence of three bases that codes for an amino acid
A reaction that produces a disaccharide and water from two monosaccharides
Proteins with prosthetic groups, often a heme group
The impairing of a protein's function by irreversibly changing its structure
The presence of positive and negative poles in a molecule due to unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
Two monosaccharides linked together by a condensation reaction
The analysis of short tandem repeats unique to individuals to identify people
A type of non-competitive inhibition whereby the last product of a chain or cycle inhibits the enzyme of the first reaction to control product formation
A protein that speeds up and controls the rate of reactions of metabolism by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to happen
Breaking down of molecules by enzymes
A substance that reduces or stops enzyme activity
A liquid absorbing heat to turn into a gas. Evaporation can occur randomly from a liquid's surface. Synonym for boiling and vaporization.
A coding sequence
Large planets composed mostly of gases such as hydrogen and helium, found in the outer parts of the Solar System (e.g., Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
A method that separates proteins or DNA fragments by size
A genetic engineering technique used to remove or inactivate specific genes in an organism
All the genes in an organism
The conversion of glucose to pyruvates in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
The region around a star where conditions are just right for liquid water to exist on a planet's surface, potentially allowing for life
The strongest intermolecular force that only occurs between hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine
A reaction that uses water to split a disaccharide into two monosaccharides
A genetic condition characterized by very high levels of cholesterol in the blood
Enzymes attached to another material, such as beads, so they can be industrially recycled
A protein embedded in the plasma membrane
The forces between molecules
A non-coding sequence
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
The strand that has the replication fork running in the 3' to 5' direction and replication in the 5' to 3' direction
The belief that acquired characteristics can be inherited
The strand that has the replication fork and replication both running in the 5' to 3' direction
A big molecule composed of two or more monomers
The sum of all chemical reactions taking place within an organism
A study that explains the living processes in terms of the chemical processes involved
A group of two or more atoms held together by single, double, or triple covalent bonds
A small molecule
The most basic unit of carbohydrates
A fatty acid with one double bond
A substance capable of causing a mutation
A random change to the base sequence of a gene
A complex composed of DNA bound to an eight-histone protein core and a linker histone protein
The most basic unit of a nucleic acid
The process by which protons travel down the concentration gradient into the matrix via ATP synthase, which phosphorylates ADP into ATP
The chemical bonds that link amino acids together in a polypeptide chain
A wave of muscle contraction that passes along the entire digestive tract
The process by which chlorophyll reaction centers of photosystems absorb energy from light and their electrons become exited
The process by which water is split into oxygen, protons, and electrons in the thylakoid space by an oxidized photosystem II after photoactivation
The process by which protons travel down the concentration gradient into the stroma via ATP synthase, which phosphorylates ADP into ATP
The production of glucose and oxygen from light, CO2, and water, within the chloroplast
A spectrum that shows the rate of photosynthesis at different colors of light
A molecule with unequal covalent bonds between the atoms
A chain of many amino acids bound together by peptide bonds
Many monosacchardies linked together by condensation reactions
A fatty acid with two or more double bonds
The process of splicing exons and removing introns from an mRNA strand after transcription to form mature mRNA for translation
The collection of proteins a cell produces
A rotating circumstellar disc of dense gas and dust surrounding a young newly formed star, from which planets are formed
A young star still in the process of forming, gathering mass from its parent molecular cloud.
The production of ATP from organic compounds
A method of base sequencing that involves the use of ddNAs
A fatty acid in which all carbon atoms are connected by single bonds
A repeating sequence present in an allele that is unique to an individual
Streams of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, which can influence planetary atmospheres and magnetic fields
Nucleases that bind to a DNA domain and cleave it to introduce a frameshift mutation and inactivate the gene
A process that can separate xantophyll, carotene, and chlorophyll a and b by solubility
A fatty acid in which the double bond has hydrogen on opposite sides
A single-stranded molecule that contains an anticodon and an associated amino acid
A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds