IB Biology Topic 3 Definitions
The destruction method involving sticking pathogens together to make phagocytosis easier
A disease characterized by a low white blood cell count caused by HIV
Various specific forms of a gene that only differ from each other by one or a few bases
A systemic reaction to a normally harmless substance, caused by basophil and mast cell oversecretion of histamine
A structural change in haemoglobin when oxygen binds to one of its haem groups, increasing the affinity of the other subunits for oxygen
The smallest component in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
A method of fetal cell sampling whereby a needle is inserted into the abdomen to remove amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac around the fetus
A stationary point during contraction
A pair of muscles that exert forces in opposite directions to one another
A chemical produced by microorganisms that kills or controls the growth of bacteria by blocking prokaryotic cell processes and not eukaryotic ones
Surface molecules expressed on any organism or virus
A connection between bones
Classification of species on the basis of visual observation
A process by which a substance is radioactively labelled, coated with photographic film, and then viewed under a microscope
The destruction method involving binding to bacteria and viruses to prevent them from binding to cells
The change in the oxygen dissociation curve due to variations in pH, carbon dioxide levels, and temperature, affecting haemoglobin's oxygen affinity
An individual that is heterozygous for a genetic disease
When a stream of water is broken in a xylem, which cannot be repaired and renders the xylem unusable
The part of the brain that coordinates balance and fine-tunes motor skills
The largest part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres and four lobes (temporal, frontal, occipital, and parietal), responsible for higher brain functions such as speech, planning, and memory
A method of fetal cell sampling whereby placental cells are taken with a needle
The daily rhythm of light from day and night
A group of organisms that has evolved from a common ancestor
The study of classifying clades
An inherited genotype of two dominant alleles that express a joint phenotype
The destruction method involving binding to pathogens to allow complement proteins to attack the pathogen by lysis
The division of characteristics into an infinite number of forms
The phenomenon where the binding of oxygen to one haemoglobin subunit increases the affinity of the other subunits for oxygen
A disease caused by the build-up of plaques that occlude the vessel and restrict blood flow, eventually leading to a heart attack
The occlusion of an artery by blood clots caused by the rupture of a plaque
Excessive loss of water that raises the internal solute concentration
Growth that occurs for a specific amount of time up to a determined point
A tool used for identifying organisms based on a series of choices that lead to the correct name of the given item
The division of characteristics into a finite number of different groups
Short sequences of conserved DNA that are specific and unique to each species, used for species identification
An allele who's phenotype is expressed over a recessive allele. Dominant alleles are capitalized (A)
A chronic and progressive disease characterized by a breakdown of alveolar walls leading to larger air sacs with thicker and less permeable walls
The study of incidence and causes of disease
The process of removing waste products from the body
The fusion of an egg and sperm outside the body, such as in fish and frogs
The fusion of pollen and an ovule to form a zygote
The fusion of an egg and sperm
An embryo that has developed skeletal tissue by 8 weeks
The uncoordinated contraction of cardiac muscle
Sex cell
The process of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusing across the walls of the alveoli
The process by which leaves expel oxygen and obtain carbon dioxide
A heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a characteristic
All the genes in an organism
The alleles than an organism contains to exhibit a characteristic
The positive correlation between the number of differences between two species and the time since they diverged from a common ancestor
Deep folds on the surface of the cerebrum that increase its surface area
A plant that has adapted itself to a saline environment to conserve water
The passing of blood out of a vein into a semi-permeable dialysis membrane tube in dialysis fluid
The presence of two different alleles (Aa)
A infection that is notoriously difficult to treat beause it infects lymphocytes involved in antibody production and can destroy them over time, preventing antibody production
An organism's ability to maintain it's internal environment
The presence of two of the same alleles (AA or aa)
A cell that was formed from the fusion of a myeloma and memory cell
A novel method used to overcome fertility problems in males or females
A novel method used to overcome fertility problems in males or females
Growth that occurs indefinitely for an entire lifetime
A point that moves during contraction
The fusion of an egg and sperm inside the body, such as in humans
Non-native species that spread widely in a new habitat, often causing harm to the environment, economy, or human health
The disturbance of circadian rhythms due to travelling
An image showing an organism's homologous chromosome pairs in order of decreasing length to determine an individual's sex or or diagnose chromosomal abnormalities
A person's number and type of chromosomes
The surgical implantation of another individual’s donated kidney. Living donors can donate one kidney or dead donors one kidney to two people
A connective tissue that attaches bone to bone to keep them together and in place, only allowing movement in certain directions
Genes that are on the same chromosome
A specific position on a chromosome
The ability of memory cells to produce antibodies at a higher rate and quantity when an antigen is encountered again
A white blood cell involved in the non-specific immune response that ingests pathogens via phagocytosis and presents its antigen to a specific T-helper cell
A B cell clone that stays in the body after plasma cells have degraded and provide long term immunity
A 4-week repeating process of egg development and release for fertilization
A process by which plant stem cells are cultured in cytokinin and gibberella gel to grow an entirely new plant
Identical antibodies produced by hybridoma cells
The sliding of actin and myosin filaments over each other to pull the ends of each sarcomere together and shorten the entire muscle fiber
A large multinucleated cell that composes skeletal muscle
A substance capable of causing a mutation
A random change to the base sequence of a gene
A fatty insulating sheath around neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) synthesized by Schwann cells, and in the central nervous system (CNS) by oligodendrocytes
A type of tumor cell
Long contractile fibers within a muscle cell
A protein in muscle tissue composed of one α chain with one haem group, having a higher affinity for oxygen and storing it for muscle respiration
Classification of species on the basis of genetic similarity
The process whereby substances decrease each other's levels
Supporting cells in the nervous system that provide structural and functional support to neurons
A nervous system cell that carries electrical impulses from the brain to the body or vice versa
The destruction method involving binding to toxins produced by pathogens to minimize their effect
Genes that are on different chromosomes
An immune response lead by phagocytes that consumes any pathogen that enters the body
The production of female gametes in the ovaries, commencing in puberty and lasting until the eggs are run out
The destruction method involving binding to pathogens and labelling them for phagocytes
An organism that does not control its own internal concentration and thus it is the same as the external solute concentration
An organism's control of its internal solute concentration
An organism that maintains a constant internal solute concentration, regardless of the external solute concentration
Excessive intake of water lowers the internal solute concentration
An organism or virus that causes a disease
A wave of muscle contraction that passes along the entire digestive tract
The endocytosis of pathogens by phagocytes
The characteristic physically exhibited by an organism
Plant vessels that transport organic compounds from sugar production sources to sugar storage sinks
A directional growth response to light
A B cell clone with a large rough endoplasmic reticulum to produce antibodies against the presented antigen
Small cell fragments that circulate in the blood and involved in clotting
The supplying of pollen to other plants to facilitate fertilization
The inheritance of multiple genes coding for a single characteristic
The fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm, which increase chromosome number, usually resulting in cell death or birth to sterile offspring
The process whereby substances increase each other's levels
A directional growth response to light towards the source of light
Growth of a plant in length
The sense of the relative position of body parts and strength of effort employed in movement, detected by receptors in muscles and joints
The circulation that carries unoxygenated blood through the lungs to be oxygenated and sent back to the heart
An allele who's phenotype is masked by a dominant allele. Recessive alleles are lowercase (a)
A new combination of linked genes made via recombinatinon during crossing over in prophase I
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
The smallest contractile unit of a myofibril
A network of tubules in muscle fibers that stores calcium ions and coordinates muscle contraction
Growth of a plant in width
The release of seeds so they can germinate and grow into more plants, often assisted by animals eating and defecating seeds or wind carrying the seeds to spread out the plants
The phenomenon of offspring inheriting one allele from each parent due to the formation of haploid nuclei during meiosis
A condition dependent on the sex of the individual because the allele is present on the X chromosome
Muscle attached to bone
A group of organisms that can potentially interbreed
An immune response lead by lymphocytes that produces antibodies to specific pathogens that enters the body
The production of male gametes in the testes, commencing during puberty and lasting indefinitely
Deep grooves in the cerebrum that divide the hemispheres into lobes
The process of increased follicular development
A moving connection between bones, but it only allows movement in certain directions
The circulation that supplies oxygenated blood to the body and brings unoxygenated blood back to the heart
The scientist that studies species classification
A connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled
The loss of water as an inevitable consequence of gas exchange
The flow of water caused by evaporation at the leaf putting tension on the column of water
A growth response to an environmental factor
The consistent removal and replacement of air in the lungs via inhalation and exhalation of air
The number of inhalations or exhalations per minute
A plant that has adapted itself to a desert environment to conserve water
Plant vessels that transport water to replace the losses of transpiration